In the field of security monitoring, cameras play a central role. The technologies surrounding cameras are also crucial in many competitive fields. Cameras can be categorized into professional photography cameras, surveillance cameras, and everyday consumer cameras, each with a wide range of applications—from professional photography to general surveillance and even smartphones. These different applications require distinct camera designs. A typical professional camera features a complex mechanical lens system that requires manual adjustment for focus and aperture. In contrast, non-professional cameras often lack adjustable apertures, which limits their flexibility.
However, a breakthrough from the University of Kaiserslautern in Germany may change this. Researchers have developed a micro-iris film just 55 microns thick—about the width of a human hair. This ultra-thin material could become a key component in future wide-area cameras. The team used smart glass materials to create a miniaturized, low-power imaging lens. Their findings were published in the journal *Optics*.
The micro-iris functions similarly to the human iris, controlling the amount of light that reaches the sensor, much like a camera’s aperture. The smart glass used is electrochromic, meaning it transitions from transparent to opaque when a small electric current passes through it. The film consists of two glass layers coated with PEDOT (polyethylenedioxythiophene), with a transparent electrode beneath. When a voltage of 1.5 volts and a current of 20 microamps are applied, it becomes opaque.
The researchers tested the micro-iris's performance, including its light intensity, switching time, and depth of focus. They found that its optical properties are comparable to traditional lenses. Moreover, the micro-iris has a memory effect, meaning it can maintain its opacity without continuous power, making it highly energy-efficient.
Currently, other camera components have become smaller and more portable, but mechanical focusing systems remain difficult to miniaturize. Tobias Doucheman, the lead author of the study, noted that existing solutions for variable apertures often rely on moving parts, which are hard to integrate into compact devices. In contrast, the electrochromic material used in this study changes light absorption without mechanical movement, making it ideal for next-generation smartphone cameras.
The team plans to further optimize the electrochromic material, focusing on improving optical contrast and depth control—key factors for future smartphone applications.
Meanwhile, another innovation is emerging in display technology. Glass layers in today’s screens are not intelligent, but companies like Corning are exploring ways to embed sensors within them. This could revolutionize mobile security and device functionality.
Researchers at Montreal University of Technology have developed sensors that can be embedded under Gorilla Glass, known for its durability. These sensors track light waves inside the glass, eliminating the need for external wiring or separate sensors. Future displays could monitor temperature, embed unique optical identifiers, and even function as smart interfaces.
The research team hopes to bring this technology to market within a year, working closely with smartphone manufacturers. Soon, phone screens may become as intelligent as the software and hardware they run on.
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