Wood is a natural biological material with unique natural properties.
Naturally formed patterns, lusters and colors, different tree species and different parts are varied and colorful, giving people the feeling of change, ups and downs, and life. The image is likened to have the same charm of painting.
Wood has a unique touch. Wood of different tree species can give people different cold and warm feelings, rough feeling, soft and hard feeling, dry and wet feeling, light and heavy feeling. Its tactile properties are closely related to the structure of wood, giving people a A natural feeling that is good for people to rest, entertain and be healthy.
Wood varies with tree species and has different odors and tastes: some woods of the family, such as camphor wood, have a special camphor smell. The clothes made of these woods are not only resistant to fungus, but also resistant to insects and can be preserved for a long time. Clothing; Hainan fragrant yellow sandalwood commonly known as huanghuali, also known as "buckwood", "Compendium of Materia Medica" called the fragrance, blood pressure, blood lipids and Shujinhuoxue. In traditional Chinese medicine, because of the promotion of blood circulation and clearing the lungs and reducing blood pressure, it can be used in combination with other medicines to treat high blood pressure. After distillation, this material can also be used to reduce sesame oil and make painkillers. These odors and tastes of wood are derived from various extracts in wood.
Wood identification refers to the process of identifying wood into genus, class or species by observing the macroscopic or microscopic structural features of wood. This is the most basic work for correctly understanding and scientifically rational use of wood.
Why is it important to identify wood? That is because wood is very important to us. At the beginning of civilization, humans used wood to make agricultural equipment and build houses just to meet the basic needs of life. However, with the continuous improvement of social civilization and production technology, the use of materials has gradually emerged, and the use of wood has become targeted.
1. Wood identification and cultural research
In ancient China, furniture materials were divided into hardwoods and firewood. China's "national quintessence" mahogany furniture belongs to high-grade hardwood furniture, with high quality and artistic characteristics, and is of great value. At the Christie's Auction in New York in 1996, a huanghuali screen in the Qing Dynasty in China was bought by a museum in the United States for $1.1 million. The transaction price plus commission was nearly 10 million yuan. The price of a pair of rosewood Nanguan hats was $27,750. According to the "China Ming Dynasty Furniture Catalogue", a rosewood beam waist stool, the market estimate of 50,000 yuan. The firewood refers to the inferior wood, and the wood furniture is a popular daily furniture. Whether it is in the wood material, the production process or the economic value, it is very different from the hardwood furniture.
The identification of wood contributes to the grading, protection and restoration of wooden artifacts, especially classical furniture. According to "Mu Jian - Chinese classical furniture materials appreciation", the classification of wooden cultural relics, the material accounts for 30% of the basic points, such as red sandalwood, huanghuali is a full score of 30 points, the benchmark scores of different wood are also different.
From ancient times to the present, from abroad to the country, the process of understanding wood is repeated and dialectical. Some tree species have even experienced a long period of time, and many tree species have not yet solved the mystery, such as the commonly used fake Hainan. The yellow huanghuali of huanghuali has a great academic controversy since its true Latin name. Another example is the once-famous “Madagas magnolia rosewoodâ€, which has entered the Chinese market since 1996. Many experts have identified it as “red sandalwoodâ€. After years of disputes, the National Forestry Research Institute of Madagascar finally The official letter and the findings of the Chinese Academy of Forestry experts have unveiled the mysterious veil. The real Latin name is Dalbergialouuelii R. Viguier, the Chinese name is Lushi black rosewood, and the "Redwood" national standard. It is classified as black rosewood, no longer belongs to the ranks of precious rosewood, but the market is often called "big leaf rosewood."
Since the first ancestor Luban, the first ancestor of Lu Mu, invented the swallowtail knife, the duck jug, and tried to seal the wood with enamel, the history of the development of large-scale wooden buildings has been opened, but after thousands of years of wind and frost, many ancient buildings have been damaged. , no need to repair. The identification and research of wood contributes to the grading, protection and restoration of wooden artifacts. The Forbidden City in Beijing was built in the 18th year of Ming Yongle (1420). It is the largest and most preserved ancient building in China. It is also the largest existing palace in the world. At present, there are more than 160,000 square meters of various temples in the palace. Wood construction system. In 2001, the State Council decided to complete the protection and overall maintenance of the Forbidden City. The Palace Museum decided to start surveying and surveying and repairing with Wuyingdian as the pilot. The research group of the "Architectural Tree Structures of Ancient Buildings" was from Wuyingmen of Wuyingdian Complex. On the more than 20 kinds of wooden components of Wuying Hall, Jingsi Hall, Wuyingmen East-West Room, Dongli Hall, Beifufang, Hengshouzhai and Jingting, 1145 samples were collected for identification. According to the "Study on the Wood Species and Their Allocation of the Wuyingdian Buildings in the Forbidden City", the results of this study are as follows: The Wuyingdian complex uses 15 species or genus of wood. Among them, Hengshouzhai and Jingting are the only remaining buildings after several fires in Wuying Temple, retaining the historical information of the materials selected during the Ming Dynasty. Although these two buildings are not the main buildings, the load-bearing beams and some pillars and wells of Hengshouzhai The use of Nanmu wood in the arches indicates that the materials used at that time were excellent, and it also reflected the richness of China's forest resources during the Ming Dynasty. The rest of the building's large wooden members are diverse, with larch, yellow fir, spruce, hardwood pine, fir and cork pine, and a small amount of imported wood with extremely high hardness. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the historical records of the employment of private large wood mills in the Qing Dynasty and the procurement of timber from the trading ports were consistent. In addition, through the identification and research of Wuyingdian structural materials, we have a specific understanding of the ancient masters' ability to master and use the nature of wood, objectively reflecting the evolution of historical and social conditions. At the same time, according to the "Protection of Cultural Relics", when the cultural relics protection unit carries out maintenance, it must abide by the principle of "do not change the original state of cultural relics". This appraisal also provides a scientific basis for the formulation of maintenance and protection programs. The material trees used in the early construction of the Forbidden City are now difficult to obtain, especially the nanmu and sandalwood, which currently rely only on imports. In this case, if the large wooden components need to be protected or even replaced, it is necessary to select wood with similar properties, rather than one-sided pursuit of the most mechanically strong wood.
2. Wood identification and redwood consumption
Wood identification is not only important but necessary!
In recent years, China has risen to the enthusiasm for the pursuit of mahogany furniture. The market is marked with products such as “red sandalwood furnitureâ€, “sour rosewood furniture†and “old mahogany furnitureâ€. The traditional common name is mixed with local local and Chinese literature. Looking into the eyes of a rich and gorgeous red scene. The reason why redwood is precious is because it takes a long time to make it. Black rosewood and red rosewood can take several hundred years to become a material. The huanghuali that is produced in Hainan, China, has to be built for thousands of years. Therefore, it has “millennial rosewood, a hundred years of rosewoodâ€. The saying. It is precisely because of this, the price of mahogany furniture can be compared with the sky price: because Huanghua pear has no material in China, a set of three yellow pear stools in the Ming Dynasty has been priceless; bedroom (five pieces) black rosewood, ebony Complete sets of furniture, the market price of 100,000 ~ 150,000 yuan, but the number is small, rare to see; the set of furniture made of red rosewood in Southeast Asia is generally sold at around 100,000 yuan, the same material Also depends on his craft and workmanship. Therefore, the huge profits caused a lot of counterfeiting in the market: such as ant wood posing as rosewood, ancient Yi Sumu and merbau impersonation rosewood, iron wood bean posing as red rosewood, picking wood to pretend to be black rosewood, black egg impersonation ebony Or chicken wings or the like are partially or partially doped into mahogany furniture, and even others are dyed with sapwood (or "white edge") of the redwood species, so that the heartwood material is similar in color, and according to national standards, this Some sapwood does not belong to the category of redwood at all. When you come up with the idea of ​​buying mahogany furniture, you can deeply understand the need to correctly identify the wood.
3. Wood identification and industrial production
As an important engineering and industrial material, wood is widely used in paper, chemical, textile, marine, automotive, industrial and agricultural equipment, furniture, handicrafts and musical instrument manufacturing industries. According to modern scientific research, wood of different tree species, Performance varies, and each industry has special requirements for the wood used according to specific needs. For example, in the paper industry, it is generally believed that wood fibers with an average length of less than 0.4 mm should not be used alone as a raw material for papermaking, and can only be used in a small amount in the form of a filler slurry; and those having an average length of more than 5 mm are generally difficult to copy. For better paper, the slurry is easy to be condensed, which is not conducive to the paper industry. In the musical instrument manufacturing industry, because different types of wood have different fiber shapes and different timbre, each type of wood has a stronger resonance to the corresponding specific frequency, so it is necessary to select wood of different hardness according to the timbre requirement. Guitars made from coniferous trees usually have a more "dark" tone, while guitars made from broadleaf trees have a more "bright" tone. There are more than 20,000 species of woody plants in the world, and there are more than 8,000 species of wood in China. Among them, there are more than 2,800 species of arbor trees. In order to further understand the rich performance indicators of wood resources, the original accumulation of various data is realized, and the high yield and quality of forest trees are achieved. Wood science processing and efficient use, the real use of materials, the need for wood identification is obvious.
4. Wood identification and timber trade
With the deepening of industrialization and the improvement of living standards, China's consumption of wood continues to grow rapidly. During the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the average annual demand for timber in China will reach about 700 million cubic meters, while the domestic market can provide about 400 million cubic meters. In order to make up for the huge gap in domestic timber consumption, the state has introduced a number of policies to encourage the import of logs. In recent years, China's imports of wood from Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, Oceania and other regions have increased significantly year by year, 2009 It reached 2,805,200 cubic meters per year, and the import value reached 4.09 billion US dollars, involving more than 80 countries and regions. A large number of timber imports include tree species with huge price difference. At present, the inconsistency of timber species has become one of the most common fraud methods in China's imported timber trade. Some importers in China have suffered huge losses due to their lack of recognition ability. loss. At the same time, China is the world's largest exporter of wood products. With the introduction of the US Lacey Act and the EU's "FLEGT Process Action Plan", Chinese exporters lack sufficient wood identification capabilities and are unable to provide them during the customs declaration process. The correct import botanical name (including the genus and species of plants) is not only subject to criminal penalties, but also helps these countries ultimately achieve the purpose of restricting imports through technical barriers to trade.
Wood has been used as a human being for thousands of years. It is more important than steel and cement. It has been accompanied by humans' advanced stage of wood utilization from low-level primitives into mechanical and chemical processing. Human civilization has entered a highly developed state from primitive society. Civilized society, it is not only our means of life but also means of production. Therefore, the correct identification of wood is even more important today in the highly developed technology.
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