The current state of China's photovoltaic (PV) industry can be described as a complex mix of internal challenges and external pressures. Domestically, the sector is grappling with overcapacity and a rapid restructuring process, while internationally, it faces "double reverse" trade barriers from the U.S. and Europe. These combined factors have pushed the entire industry into a difficult cycle of decline and inefficiency.
Where does China’s PV industry stand today? Experts suggest that technological innovation is key to breaking this cycle. By leapfrogging in technology, the industry can address the root cause of overcapacity and reduce the harmful effects of low-price competition. This would not only improve profitability but also enhance long-term sustainability.
Traditional solar technologies are still in their early stages of development. Much of the global research has focused on improving the collector conversion effect, which has led to misunderstandings in the field. For example, when electric energy is used for lighting, the electrolytic body produces light, while the negative charge generates heat. Heat and silicon-based semiconductors repel each other, making direct energy conversion inefficient. In fact, heat increases resistance, reducing the system’s overall efficiency.
Since 1957, most solar research has concentrated on new materials, often neglecting fundamental electrical material principles. As a result, researchers have yet to uncover pure natural laws governing electrochemical conversion. Over half a century of international research has only managed to develop hardware components, from raw materials to power generation systems, without achieving true breakthroughs.
Today, many grid-connected solar projects require at least 20% efficiency, but actual performance often falls below 10%. High costs and low efficiency make it hard for these projects to recover investments. Additionally, immature technology leads to wastage of both material and land resources.
Experts emphasize that China’s PV industry must prioritize technological innovation and leapfrog development. This approach can drive economic growth, foster technological progress, and contribute to global energy advancements.
A major challenge is the inefficiency of traditional grid-connected solar systems. The wiring layout and design need to be updated based on electrical parameters, requiring a comprehensive technical upgrade of systems built before 2013. Through such upgrades, the relationship between installed capacity and actual output can reach 100% efficiency.
This technological transformation can also benefit other energy sectors like wind, coal, hydro, and nuclear power. Known as the ternary normal-to-constant-ratio law, this method could help the world move toward an era of abundant and stable energy.
Currently, solar power generation is not only inefficient but also highly variable, with peak production during low-demand hours. Without storage solutions, PV systems cannot provide consistent power, especially at night. This makes it difficult for the State Grid to manage and control operations effectively, creating resistance within the industry.
Experts propose using three-dimensional line plasma exchange to achieve efficient energy conversion and advanced energy storage. Traditional energy storage methods are below 22%, while plasma-based PV systems can reach up to 98% efficiency. High-efficiency storage is essential for regulated power supply and better grid management.
Expanding PV capacity and replacing thermal power plants is part of the clean energy transition. High-efficiency energy storage is the next step in China’s PV industry success.
Networking is now a key direction for grid-connected PV systems. Most systems convert DC power (600V–1000V) to AC and then boost it to 1100V for the national grid. However, this involves multiple steps, increasing costs and energy loss. A more efficient approach is to simplify the process, reduce costs, and maximize productivity.
Clustered PV systems apply Bohr’s law to real-world applications. Each plant operates independently, but through thyristor connections, energy can be transferred between systems. This allows data signals to be sequenced and high-potential energy to be moved to low-potential systems.
Ten 1000V power stations can be connected to a 10,000V system. With one-time three-phase communication and public frequency selection, remote power supply becomes possible. This eliminates 80% of intermediate conversion steps, making DC high-voltage operation safer and more efficient than AC. It also reduces environmental impact and radiation.
Experts highlight that a clustered industrial chain can cut out unnecessary links, lower production costs, and allow independent plants to function as a unified entity. This improves scalability, solves issues related to small capacity and high demand, and enhances overall grid performance.
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