Yanshan University: pioneering and innovative services superhard materials industry

**Abstract** In 1985, with the support of the former Ministry of Machinery Industry and approved by the State Education Commission, a specialized program in superhard materials was established at Yanshan University. This initiative marked the beginning of undergraduate and graduate education in the field of superhard materials. Over the years, the program has evolved significantly, currently enrolling 3–6 doctoral students and 8–15 master's students annually. The program has also trained more than 20 doctoral and 30 master’s students, building a strong foundation for research and advanced talent development. The School of Materials Science and Engineering, where the superhard materials research direction is located, is a research-oriented college. It offers a Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering and hosts a post-doctoral research station. The school includes six doctoral degree programs: Materials Science, Material Physics and Chemistry, Material Processing Engineering, Metastable Material Preparation Technology, Large-Scale Casting and Forging Materials and Manufacturing Technology, and others. It is home to the State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Preparation Technology and Science, where superhard materials are one of the key research areas. The school has undertaken numerous major national projects, including the "973" Program, the "863" Program, the National Natural Science Foundation, the National Key Research Project, and defense-related initiatives. It has also completed over 200 industry-specific R&D projects, obtained more than 50 patents, and won awards such as the Second Prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award and 24 provincial and ministerial-level honors. More than 1,200 academic papers have been published, including over 800 indexed in SCI, EI, and ISTP. Since its establishment in 1985, the superhard materials research has focused on international frontiers in diamond and related materials, addressing key challenges in the development of diamond tools in China. Researchers have collaborated closely with domestic and international manufacturers. Projects led by Wang Yanhui include vacuum micro-evaporation plating technology for diamonds and cubic boron nitride, corundum-coated abrasives, low-temperature titanium plating, micropowder titanium plating, composite plating alloys, quasi-atomic layer plating, nano-ceramic binders, and surface oxidation technology for diamonds and CNTs. These innovations have led to significant scientific breakthroughs. Research findings have been widely recognized globally, with systematic theories developed in diamond surface plating. Over 70 papers have been published in prestigious journals such as *Nano Letters*, *Carbon*, *Electrochemistry Communications*, *Nanotechnology*, *Electrochimica Acta*, *Surface and Coatings Technology*, *Applied Surface Science*, and *Diamond & Related Materials*. Many of these works have been cited extensively. Notable scholars like Professor Wang Guangji, Fang Xiaohu, Wang Qinsheng, and Sun Yichao have referenced these achievements in their monographs. The research has received five provincial and ministerial-level science and technology progress awards. Many of the results have found practical applications in industries. For instance, the vacuum micro-evaporation plating technology, along with its equipment and raw materials, is now widely used both domestically and internationally. Corundum-coated diamonds and nano-ceramic binders are also gaining popularity. Since the successful development of the nano-ceramic binder in 2006, it has become standardized and industrialized in dozens of Chinese enterprises. These advancements have played a crucial role in improving product performance, reducing costs, and developing new products. One of the most notable innovations is the **superabrasive surface treatment techniques**, particularly **titanium plating**. This technology enhances the bonding between diamond particles and the binder, significantly increasing tool life and efficiency. It reduces the need for higher diamond concentrations while maintaining cutting performance. Another important innovation is **micro-powder plating technology**, which enables the coating of fine superabrasives (down to 200 mesh) with high efficiency and low cost. This technique solves issues related to uneven coating and adhesion, making large-scale production feasible. Additionally, **Ti-Ni composite plating** has been developed, allowing for the direct electroplating of nickel onto titanium-coated diamonds without the need for complex pretreatment steps. This method improves the quality and consistency of coated diamonds, making them ideal for mass production. Finally, **corundum-coated superabrasives** have been introduced to address the limitations of traditional nickel plating. These coatings provide better adhesion, improved grinding performance, and enhanced self-sharpening properties, offering a superior alternative to conventional methods. The development of **nano-ceramic binders** has further advanced the field, enabling lower sintering temperatures and higher strength, making them ideal for fine-grained and ultra-fine grinding tools. These innovations continue to drive the growth and competitiveness of the superhard materials industry. *(Author: Wang Yanhui, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University; this excerpt is from "China Superhard Materials Industry Fifty Years")*

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